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This is a timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece. Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the Apostle Paul, although the church's apostolicity also rests upon St. Andrew who preached the gospel in Greece and suffered martyrdom in Patras, Titus, Paul's companion who preached the gospel in Crete where he became bishop, Philip who, according to the tradition, visited and preached in Athens, Luke the Evangelist who was martyred in Thebes, Lazarus of Bethany, Bishop of Kition in Cyprus, and John the Theologian who was exiled on the island of Patmos where he received the Revelation recorded in the last book of the New Testament. In addition, the Theotokos is regarded as having visited the Holy Mountain in 49 AD according to tradition. Thus Greece became the first European area to accept the gospel of Christ. Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities. Such were the sees of Thessaloniki, Corinth, Nicopolis, Philippi and Athens.〔(World Council of Churches: Church of Greece ). Retrieved: 28 November 2013.〕 By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the Exarchate of Illyricum which was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome. Illyricum was assigned to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople by the emperor in 732. From then on the Church in Greece remained under Constantinople till the fall of the Byzantine empire to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. As an integral part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the church remained under its jurisdiction until Greek independence.〔 Under Ottoman rule, up to "6,000 Greek clergymen, ca. 100 Bishops, and 11 Patriarchs knew the Ottoman sword".〔Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens. ''(Address to the Conference organised by the Synodal Committee on European Issues, entitled “Islam: the extent of the problematics” ).'' Holy Monastery of Penteli, Attica, 12/5/2007.〕〔Demetrios Constantelos. ''(Altruistic Suicide or Altruistic Martyrdom? Christian Greek Orthodox Neomartyrs: A Case Study ).'' Archives of Suicide Research, Volume 8, No 1, 2004. (Myriobiblos Library).〕 The Greek War of Independence of 1821–28 created an independent southern Greece, but created anomalies in ecclesiastical relations since the Ecumenical Patriarch remained under Ottoman tutelage, and in 1850 the Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the Church of Greece autocephalous. The cultural roots of both Byzantine and modern Greece cannot be separated from Orthodoxy. Therefore, it was natural that in all Greek Constitutions the Orthodox Church was accorded the status of the prevailing religion.〔Charalambos K. Papastathis and Nikos Maghioros. ''"(Greece: A Faithful Orthodox Christian State. THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC )."'' In: Javier Martínez-Torrón and W. Cole Durham, Jr.. Religion and the Secular State: National Reports (Issued for the occasion of the XVIIIth International Congress of Comparative Law, Washington, D.C., July 2010). Published by: Complutense Universidad de Madrid, in cooperation with The International Center for Law and Religion Studies, Brigham Young University. July 2014. pp. 339-340.〕 In the 20th century, during much of the period of communism, the Church of Greece saw itself as a guardian of Orthodoxy. It cherishes its place as the cradle of the primitive church and the Greek clergy are still present in the historic places of Istanbul and Jerusalem, and Cyprus.〔The Globe and Mail (Canada's National Newspaper). ''"Orthodox Church at Crossroads."'' 10 November 1995. p. A14.〕 The autocephalous Church of Greece is organised into 81 dioceses, however 35 of these – known as the Metropolises of the New Lands – are nominally under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople but are administered as part of the Church of Greece; although the dioceses of Crete, the Dodecanese, and Mount Athos are under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.〔Victor Roudometof. ''Greek Orthodoxy, Territoriality, and Globality: Religious Responses and Institutional Disputes. Report.'' Sociology of Religion. Vol. 69 No. 1. 22 March 2008. Pg. 67(25). ISSN: 1069-4404.〕〔"Codified in the 1928 Patriarchal and Synodical Act, the "New Lands" were entrusted to the temporary stewardship of the Church of Greece, provided that the Church respected the terms of the Act. The Act subsequently has been incorporated into several pieces of Greek legislation (Laws 3615/1928, 5438/1932, 599/1977, and Article 3, paragraph 1 of the current Greek Constitution), thereby recognizing the ecclesiastical agreement between the two sides."〕 The Archbishop of Athens and All Greece presides over both a standing synod of twelve metropolitans (six from the new territories and six from southern Greece), who participate in the synod in rotation and on an annual basis, and a synod of the hierarchy (in which all ruling metropolitans participate), which meets once a year.〔 The government observes several religious holidays as national holidays including Epiphany, Clean Monday (the start of Great Lent), Good Friday, Easter Sunday, Easter Monday, Holy Spirit Day, the Dormition of the Theotokos and Christmas.〔U.S. Department of State. ''(International Religious Freedom Report for 2012: Greece ).'' Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 2012.〕 Among the current concerns of the Church of Greece are the Christian response to globalization, to interreligious dialogue, and a common Christian voice within the framework of the European Union.〔 The population of Greece is 11.4 million (2011),〔''"Greece."'' D&B Country Riskline Reports (News). May 2013.〕 of which 95%〔 ''"(Η θρησκευτική πίστη.‘Ανήκετε σε κάποια θρησκεία, και αν ναι, σε ποια; )"'' Πανελλαδική Έρευνα Metron Forum. 29 Δεκεμβρίου 2011. σελ. 50.〕 to 98%〔''"(Europe: Greece )."'' CIA – The World Factbook. Page last updated on 7 May 2013. Retrieved: 21 May 2013.〕 are Greek Orthodox. == Ottoman Rule (1453-1821) == (詳細はreunited the Roman Orthodox as subjects of their patriarch in Constantinople. Yet it was not the Byzantine Empire in disguise. Even though Mehmed the Conqueror resettled Constantinople as the centre of the Roman Orthodox world, he was even more effective in making it the capital of an Islamic empire."〔Christopher Allmand (Ed.). ''THE NEW CAMBRIDGE MEDIEVAL HISTORY: Volume VII c. 1450 –c. 1500.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 788.〕 The privileges given to the Greek Church by Mehmed, in 1453, were able to save only a part of Byzantine Christendom from Islamization and Turkification, and most of those who remained Christians (and Greeks) accepted the unenviable fate of the rayas.〔G. G. Arnakis. ''Book review of: "(between Greeks and Turks from the Eleventh Century to 1821, I: The Wars of the Turks to Conquer the Greek Lands, 1071-1571 )", by Constantine J. Amantos.'' Speculum, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Jan., 1957), pp. 143-144.〕 Conversionary pressure and the insecurity of Christian life produced widespread Crypto-Christianity in various regions, and there were also forced conversions and neo-martyrs.〔Speros Vryonis, Jr. ''"The Byzantine Legacy and Ottoman Forms."'' Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 23/24 (1969/1970), pp. 299-300.〕 In practice, Greeks were forbidden to build or furnish churches, to carry arms or to dress like Moslems.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 36. ISBN 9780631153603〕 However following the example of Byzantine emperors, the Sultans hastened to ratify the ownership of land by the Church and by monasteries and renewed their privileges.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 40. ISBN 9780631153603〕 British historian Sir Steven Runciman has written also that although it was Orthodoxy that preserved Hellenism throughout the dark centuries, without the moral force of Hellenism Orthodoxy itself might have withered.〔Sir Steven Runciman. ''The Great Church in Captivity.'' Cambridge University Press, 1968. p. 410.〕'' *1454 Accession of Gennadius Scholarius as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1454-1456 and 1464-1465), confirmed by Mehmed the Conqueror, who invested him with the signs of his office – the crosier (dikanikion) and mantle, and confirmed the Patriarch's ancient privileges;〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. pp. 43-44. ISBN 9780631153603〕 in following the Islamic doctrine which enjoined tolerance towards Christians and Jews as ''"People of the Book,"'' the religious Head of the Greek Church became also Ethnarch (Greek: ''ἐθνάρχης''), thus establishing the Rūm millet (millet-i Rûm), or “''Roman nation'',” the name of the Orthodox Christian community within the Ottoman Empire;〔 the Great School of the Nation is established in Constantinople under the direction of Greek Renaissance scholar Mathaeos Kamariotis, as a continuation of the University of Constantinople after the Fall of Constantinople.〔Kostas Gavroglu. ''The Sciences in the European Periphery During the Enlightenment.'' Springer, 2001. p. 46.〕 *1456–1458 Fall of Athens to the Ottoman Turks under Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey.〔Franz Babinger. ''(Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time ).'' Edited by William C. Hickman; Transl. from the German by Ralph Manheim. Princeton University Press. (1992) (). pp.159–160. ISBN 9780691010786〕 *1456–1587 Byzantine Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos became the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. *1460 Parthenon Cathedral dedicated to the Mother of God, is turned into a mosque on the sultan's order.〔A. A. Vasiliev. ''(History of the Byzantine Empire: 324–1453 ).'' Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1958. p.654.〕〔''"Parthenon."'' Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.〕 *1461 In July, the Byzantine general Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrendered Salmeniko Castle, the last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to the invading forces of the Ottoman Empire after a year-long siege;〔Donald M. Nicol. ''The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans.'' Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 113.〕 on 15 August, the Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost, fell to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II, after a 21-day siege, bringing to a final end the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars.〔Ian Heath. ''Byzantine Armies AD 1118–1461.'' 1995. p. 41.〕 *1462 Death of Matrona of Chios.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ἡ Ὁσία Ματρῶνα ἡ Θαυματουργός ἡ Χιοπολίτιδα ).'' 20 Οκτωβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(Venerable Matrona of Chios ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints.〕 *1463 Demolition of the Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles (which had served as a site of Byzantine imperial ceremony), then under Venetian rule, to make way for construction of the Fatih Mosque;〔Janna Israel. ''"A History Built on Ruins: Venice and the Destruction of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople."'' Future Anterior. 9.1 (Summer 2012): p106.〕 martyric death of Raphael, Nicholas and Irene on Mytilene (Lesvos);〔''(New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints.〕 Greek scholar and pro-unionist Basilios Bessarion, formerly an Orthodox Metropolitan, later becoming a Roman Catholic Cardinal, is given the purely ceremonial title of ''Latin Patriarch of Constantinople'' by Pope Pius II.〔"(Bessarion, Johannes )". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.〕 *1472 Decrees of the Council of Ferrara-Florence are repudiated by a Council of Contantinople;〔Schaff, Philip (1819–1893). ''(History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294–1517 ).'' Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library. p. 151. Retrieved: 25 May 2013.〕 marriage of Ivan III of Russia to Princess Zoe-Sophia Palaiologina, a niece of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor, leading to the doctrine of Moscow as the Third Rome.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 127. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1480 Patriarch Maximus III wrote to the Doge of Venice asking for an end to the persecution of Orthodox clergy and for permission to collect a special levy for the patriarch.〔Vrasidas Karalis. "Greek Christianity After 1453." In: Ken Parry (Ed.). ''The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity.'' Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2007. p. 158.〕 *1494 The Aldine Press is set up in Venice by the Italian humanist, printer and publisher Aldo Manuzio, becaming the greatest international force in spreading the Venetian study of Greek, including the great masterpieces of Antiquity, as well as the works of later Greek writers, theological, educational, ethical and secular.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 118. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1498 The Typikon of Manuel II Palaeologus of 1394 is issued on Mt. Athos.〔Treasures from Mount Athos. ''(CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF IMPORTANT EVENTS ).'' Hellenic Resources Network (HR-Net). Retrieved: 23 May 2013.〕 *16th–17th centuries. ''Pax Ottomanica'' , or ''Ottoman Peace'', characterized by the prosperity of the early Ottoman centuries, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), and by the relative religious tolerance of this multi-religious and multi-ethnic empire, in an age when most European monarchs by contrast tried to impose religious homogeneity upon their subjects (i.e. Protestant Reformation and Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation in the West).〔Gabor Agoston and Bruce Masters. ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.'' Facts On File, Inc., 2009. pp. xxxv–xxxvi.〕 *1511 Death of (Joseph the Sanctified of Crete ).〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἰωσὴφ ὁ Ἡγιασμένος ὁ ἐν Κρήτῃ ).'' 22 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1517 Recognition of the Patriarchate of Alexandria by Selim I, on the Sultan's conquest of Egypt.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 91. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1518 Church of Saints Peter and Paul of the Greeks in Naples, Italy is founded to serve the needs of Greek Orthodox faithful who became refugees after the Fall of Constantinople.〔 Δόμνα Ιορδανίδου. ''(Ελληνική Διασπορά Στην Ιταλική Χερσόνησο: Βενετία, Ρώμη, Αγκόνα, Νάπολη (μέσα 15ου-17ος αι.) ).'' In: 2ος Θεματικός Άξονας: Κοινωνική, Θρησκευτική, Πολιτιστική και Πολιτική Οργάνωση των Παροικιών. Ιστορία της Νεοελληνικής Διασποράς: Έρευνα και Διδασκαλία – Μέρος Δεύτερο: Ιστορική Διασπορά. Πανεπιστημιούπολη Ρεθύμνου, 4–6 Ιουλίου 2003. p.204.〕〔 Άγγελος Σακκέτος. ''(Η Μεγάλη Ελλάδα!.. (4) ).'' 04/03/2012.〕 *c. 1520 Sultan Selim I, who disliked Christianity, suggested to his vizier that all Christians should be forcibly converted to Islam.〔Sir Steven Runciman. ''The Great Church in Captivity.'' Cambridge University Press, 1968. pp. 189-190.〕 *1526 New Martyr John of Ioannina.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰωάννης ὁ Νεομάρτυρας ὁ Ράπτης ἐξ Ἰωαννίνων ).'' 18 Απριλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1530 Mother of God restores sight to blind youth through the Cassiope icon of Corfu.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Μνήμη Θαύματος τῆς σεβασμίας εἰκόνος τῆς Ὑπεραγίας Θεοτόκου ).'' 8 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1537 Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent implemented a tolerant and judicious religious policy over his multinational empire, and granted to Christians '' 'the great privilege of ours, to practise our religion freely and without any impediment.' ''〔 *1541 Patr. Jeremiah I founds Stavronikita monastery.〔 *1554 New Martyr Nicholas of Psari in Corinth.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Νικόλαος ὁ Νεομάρτυρας ὁ ἐξ Ἰχθύος τῆς Κορινθίας ).'' 14 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1556 Death of Maximos the Greek, Greek monk, publicist, writer, scholar, humanist, and translator active in Russia.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Μάξιμος ὁ Γραικός ).'' 21 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(Venerable Maximus the Greek ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints.〕 *1556–65 The Patriarchal School of Joasaph II is initially established in Constantinople as a Greek school under the direction of Ioannes Zygomalas, being the forerunner of the later Great School of the Nation.〔 ''(Ἰωάσαφ Β´ ).'' ΟΙΚΟΥΜΕΝΙΚΟΝ ΠΑΤΡΙΑΡΧΕΙΟΝ. Retrieved: 25 May 2013.〕 *1559 Death of Icon painter Theophanes the Cretan (''Theophanes Strelitzas'').〔Timothy E. Gregory. ''A History of Byzantium.'' Volume 14 of Blackwell History of the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. p. 408. ISBN 9781444359978〕 *1561 Compilation of the ''Nomocanon'' of Manuel Malaxos, a notary of the Metropolitan Diocese of Thebes, having a wide circulation, with a version in classical Greek and another in modern Greek.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 49. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1565 The inhabitants of Epirus and Albania rose and slaughtered the officers charged with carrying out the child levy, but the Sultan sent to the local Sanjak-bey a reinforcement of 500 Janissaries and the revolt was put down.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 26. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1569 All the landed property of the monasteries in the Ottoman Empire are confiscated by Sultan Selim II.〔 *1571–1878 Restoration of Church of Cyprus to Orthodox rule, under the Ottomans. *c. 1571-1580 The city of Athens contained 17,616 inhabitants, up from 12,633 in the years 1520-1530.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 89. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1573 The Church of San Giorgio dei Greci is completed by the Greek community of Venice, historically the most important church of the Greek Orthodox Diaspora, becoming the ethnic and religious center of Hellenism in the city and broader region of Venice which at its peak numbered 15,000 members.〔''(The Greek Orthodox Cathedral of San Giorgio dei Greci: A Brief Historical Note ).'' Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople – Archdiocese of Italy and Malta. Retrieved: 29 May 2013.〕〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 117. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1574–82 Michael Damaskinos, the greatest Cretan icon painter of the day, paints the iconostasis of the Church of San Giorgio dei Greci in Venice.〔 *1575 The Patriarchate of Constantinople granted Mount Sinai autonomous status.〔''(The Orthodox Church of Mount Sinai ).'' Catholic Near East Welfare Association (CNEWA). 29 Jun 2007. Retrieved: 05 September, 2014.〕 *1576–1581 Correspondence between Patr. Jeremias II and the Lutheran professors at Tübingen.〔''(The Three Answers of Patriarch Jeremiah II: A Commentary on Modern Ecumenical Dialogue With the Heterodox ).'' Orthodox Christian Information Center. Retrieved: 29 May 2013.〕 *1576 Pope Gregory XIII establishes Pontifical Greek College of St. Athanasius (popularly known as the 'Greek College') in Rome, which he charged with educating Italo-Byzantine clerics.〔Chorbishop John D. Faris. ''(Profiles: The Italo-Byzantine Catholic Church ).'' CNEWA Canada. Retrieved: 28 May 2013.〕〔 Walter Buchowiecki. ''Handbuch der Kirchen Roms.'' 1. Bd., Verlag Brüder Hollinek, Wien 1967. S. 422.〕 *1577 Metr. Gabriel (Severus) of Philadelphia was appointed to the new Orthodox Archbishopric (1578) centered in Venice at the Church of San Giorgio dei Greci, remaining as shepherd there for forty years (1577-1616).〔 *1579 Death of Gerasimos of Cephalonia, the new ascetic.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Γεράσιμος ὁ νέος ἀσκητής ὁ ἐν Κεφαλληνίᾳ ).'' 16 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints.〕 *1580 It was believed that on Great and Holy Saturday, the Holy Fire miraculously shot out of one of three stone columns at the entrance of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, splitting and charring the column, and lighting the candles held by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Sophronius IV who was standing nearby, having not descended for the heterodox Armenian Patriarch who had attempted to obtain it inside the church;〔Bishop Auxentios of Photiki. ''The Paschal Fire in Jerusalem.'' Berkeley, California: Saint John Chrysostom Press, 1999. pp. 53-54. ISBN 0-963-4692-0-7.〕 there were 15,000 Greeks living in Venice.〔 *1583 ''Sigillion of 1583'' issued against Gregorian Calendar by council convened in Constantinople;〔A. Edward Siecienski. ''(The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy ).'' Oxford Studies in Historical Theology. Oxford University Press, 2010. p. 180. ISBN 9780195372045〕 arrival of the first Jesuits in Constantinople.〔 *1587 The Greek Orthodox Patriarchal Church (Patrik Kilisesi) in Constantinople - the Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos, was seized by the Ottoman authorities and converted into a mosque.〔Oded Peri. ''Islamic Law and Christian Holy Sites: Jerusalem and Its Vicinity in Early Ottoman Times.'' Islamic Law and Society, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1999), pp. 97-111. p. 99.〕 *1589 Patr. Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metr. Job of Moscow to the rank of Patriarch of Moscow and of All Russia, recognizing the autocephaly and canonical territory of Church of Russia; death of Philothei of Athens.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ἡ Ἁγία Φιλοθέη ἡ Ὁσιομάρτυς ἡ Ἀθηναία ).'' 19 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(Martyr Philothea the Monastic ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints.〕 *c. 1589 Death of Venerable David of Euboea, Wonderworker.〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Δαβὶδ ὁ ἐν Εὐβοίᾳ ).'' 1 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1590 Death of Timothy of Oropos, founder of the monastery of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary on the Penteliko Mountain (Athens).〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Τιμόθεος Ἐπίσκοπος Εὐρίπου κτίτορας τῆς Ἱερᾶς Μονῆς Πεντέλης ).'' 16 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1591 The Church of the Rotonda in Thessaloniki (Church of ''Agios Georgios''), founded in 306 AD, is converted into an Ottoman mosque.〔Charles Stewart. ''Who Owns the Rotonda?: Church vs. State in Greece.'' ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY Vol 14 No 5, October 1998. p. 4.〕 *1593 The termination of the authority of the Protos, as the supreme administrative and spiritual leader of the Athonite monks, and the establishment of the "Megali Synaxis" (The Great Council) at Kariai, as the supreme authority in charge of all affairs concerning the monastic community of Mount Athos.〔 *1595 Pope Clement VIII declared in his Constitution ''Magnus Dominus'' (23 Dec. 1595), which announced the Union of Brest, that Orthodox Chrism was not valid and had to be repeated by a Roman Catholic bishop and that all Orthodox clergy had to accept the union; in Italy, the Greek language was forbidden in the liturgy and the College of St Athanasius (formally established in Rome in 1581) became one of the main centres of anti-Orthodox propaganda; this Pope also replaced all Orthodox bishops with his own people, a policy that alienated local populations, who yearned for the religious tolerance enjoyed by Ottoman subjects.〔Vrasidas Karalis. "Greek Christianity After 1453." In: Ken Parry (Ed.). ''The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity.'' Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2007. pp. 158, 1601-161.〕 *1601 New Hieromartyr Seraphim, Bishop of Phanarion and Neokhorion.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Σεραφεὶμ ὁ Νέος Ἱερομάρτυρας ).'' 4 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints.〕 *From 1601. The relatively modest Church of St George in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.〔 *1602 Death of Seraphim of Lebadeia.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Σεραφείμ ).'' 6 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1622 The Patriarchal School (Great School of the Nation) was entrusted to the Athenian Neo-Aristotelian scholar and gifted teacher Theophilos Korydalleus, who directed it with absences until 1640, becoming the leader of the philosophical school which was to predominate for the next two hundred years. *1624 Death of Dionysius of Zakynthos.〔Basil E. Eleftheriou, Ph.D. ''Encyclopedia of the Major Saints and Fathers of the Orthodox Church: Volume 1.'' Light & Life Publishing Company, 2000. ISBN 1-880971-51-8〕〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Διονύσιος ὁ Θαυματουργός ὁ ἐκ Ζακύνθου, Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Αἰγίνης ).'' 17 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1625 ''Confession of Faith'' by Metrophanes Kritopoulos written, while he was a student at the University of Helmstedt in Germany.〔''"Metrophanes Kritopoulos."'' Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.〕 *1627 Hieromonk Nicodemos Metaxas (1585-1646) founded the first Greek printing press in Constantinople, becoming involved in printing refutations of Roman Catholic theology, since the Roman Catholic campaign for the conversion of the Greeks was then at a great activity.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 108. ISBN 9780631153603〕〔R.J. Roberts. ''The Greek Press at Constantinople in 1627 and its Antecedents.'' Library (1967) s5-XXII (1): 13-43.〕 *1629 ''Confession'' of Cyril Lucaris is published under his name in Geneva (''Lucarian Confession''), being Calvinistic in doctrine, composed by Calvinist theologians who submitted their draft to the Patriarch for his signature in order to promulgate their novel doctrines.〔''(Cyril I Lucaris ).'' Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Accessed: 19 October 2013.〕〔Christos Yannaras. ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age.'' Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p. 80.〕 *1638 First translation into Modern Greek of the New Testament, by the Greek hieromonk Maximos Rodios of Gallipoli (Kallioupolitis);〔Michael Angold. ''(Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity ).'' Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 200.〕 martyrdom of Patr. Cyril Loukaris, one of the most important personalities of the Turkish period, though controversial, martyred by the Ottoman Turks at the instigation of the Roman Catholic Church via the religious and political influence of the Jesuits and Capuchins of Constantinople, and the French and Austrian ambassadors.〔Christos Yannaras. ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age.'' Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p. 79.〕 *1647 Conversion to Islam of the Metropolitan of Rhodes Meletios, who under the name of Aslan occupied a high post in the Ottoman Court hierarchy, but was executed by the Ottomans in 1661.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 21. ISBN 9780631153603〕〔 ''(Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ ΖΩΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ ΣΤΗΝ ΤΟΥΡΚΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ ).'' ΑΝΤΙΑΙΡΕΤΙΚΟΝ ΕΓΚΟΛΠΙΟΝ: ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΙΑ και ΠΑΡΑΘΡΗΣΚΕΙΕΣ: ΚΡΙΡΙΚΗ – ΔΟΓΜΑ – ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΕΣ. Retrieved: 24 August 2013.〕 *1650–1700 Ottoman Constantinople is largest city in the world by population.〔Tertius Chandler. ''Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census.'' Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. ISBN 0-88946-207-0. :(Chandler defined a city as a continuously built-up area (urban) with suburbs but without farmland inside the municipality.)〕 *1651 Death of Nilus the Myrrh-gusher of Mt. Athos.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Νεῖλος ὁ Μυροβλύτης ).'' 12 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Mt Athos ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints.〕 *1657 New Hieromartyr Parthenius III, Patriarch of Constantinople.〔''"New Hieromartyr Parthenius, Patriarch of Constantinople."'' In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.122–124.〕〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Παρθένιος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Πατριάρχης Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ).'' 24 Μαρτίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1662 The Patriarchal School (Great School of the Nation) acquired permanent income, a building and remarkable teachers, among them Alexandros Mavrokordatos who bore the title Confidant. *1669 Greek island of Crete taken by Ottoman Empire from Venetians; martyrdom of John Naukliros ("the Navigator", "the Skipper"), burned alive on Kos.〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰωάννης ὁ Νεομάρτυρας ὁ ναύκληρος ).'' 8 Απριλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔 Συναξαριστής. ''(8 Απριλίου ).'' ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).〕 *1672 Synod of Jerusalem convened by Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Dositheos Notaras, refuting article by article the Calvinistic confession attributed to Hieromartyr Cyril Lucaris, defining Orthodoxy relative to Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and defining the Orthodox Biblical canon; the acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates (including Russia).〔''(Council of Jerusalem (Pan-Orthodox Council) ).'' The Genuine Orthodox Church of Greece. Retrieved: 11 July, 2014.〕〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. pp. 167. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1673 Death of Panagiotis Nikousios, the first Greek Grand Dragoman, exercising great influence on the foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire, and being a great benefactor to the Greek nation and Church, including establishing the rights enjoyed by the Greeks over the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 95. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1675 Large scale emigrations of Maniotes to Corsica, first to Paomia, and later to Cargèse, the Greek inhabitants of which speak a special dialect;〔 in an urgent ''firman'' issued in late 1675 the Ottoman government made it unequivocally clear that the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem was an exclusively Christian shrine, and that true Muslims were to keep away from there, either for pilgrimage or for the purpose of disruption.〔Oded Peri. ''Islamic Law and Christian Holy Sites: Jerusalem and Its Vicinity in Early Ottoman Times.'' Islamic Law and Society, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1999), pp. 97-111. pp. 105-106.〕 *1676 Abp. Joseph (Georgirenes) of Samos journeyed to London, England, becoming involved in efforts to erect a Greek church there.〔Sir Steven Runciman. ''The Great Church in Captivity.'' Cambridge University Press, 1968. pp. 296-297.〕 *1677 After appeals by the members of the Greek Community of London to the Privy Council for permission to erect a Greek church, Bp. Henry Compton assigned a site for building the church, which was ready for use by the end of 1677.〔 *1680 Female mass suicide of 30-40 young girls from the village of Hazar in the region of Pafra in Western Pontus, who preferred to fall from a fortress (known as the 'fortress of Ali') into a 150-meter precipice, rather than to fall into the hands of the Turkish forces of Hassan Ali Bey, who were on a campaign to capture young girls in order to send them to the slave markets of Anatolia (''see also 1803 – female mass suicide at Zalongo, Epirus'').〔 ''(KIZLAR KAITESI! Το άγνωστο “Ζάλογγο” του ΠΟΝΤΟΥ!!! )'' Greveniotis.gr (Newspaper). October 30, 2013. Retrieved: 13 August, 2014.〕〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Εὐθύμιος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἐπίσκοπος Ζήλων ).'' ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ. 29 Μαΐου.〕 *1682 Greek church in Soho (London) is closed and the building is leased to French Huguenots.〔Sir Steven Runciman. ''The Great Church in Captivity.'' Cambridge University Press, 1968. p. 299.〕〔John Richardson. ''The Annals of London: A Year-by-year Record of a Thousand Years of History.'' University of California Press, 2000. p. 157.〕 *1684 New Hieromartyr Zacharias, Bishop of Corinth.〔''"New Hieromartyr Zacharias, Bishop of Corinth."'' In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.124–125.〕〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Ζαχαρίας ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἐπίσκοπος Κορίνθου ).'' 30 Μαρτίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1685-1687 Two Greek brothers Ioannikios and Sophronios Likhud, monks from Cephalonia, founded and managed the Slavic Greek Latin Academy, organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, on the premises of the Zaikonospassky Monastery, with over 70 students.〔 (ЛИХУДЫ ). Новая философская энциклопедия. Под редакцией В. С. Стёпина. 2001. Retrieved: 8 September, 2015.〕 *1688–1715 Venetian Rule of the Peloponnese peninsula.〔Dr. Evangelia Balta. "Venetians and Ottomans in the Southeast Peloponnese (15th–18th Century)." In: Halil İnalcık Armağanı -I. ''Tarih Araştırmaları.'' Ankara: Doğu Batı, 2009. pp. 168–204.〕 *1687 Parthenon devastated by Venetian shelling.〔Troy Lennon (History Editor). ''Religious architecture often a casualty of war.'' The Daily Telegraph (Australia). 26 April 2013. p. 102.〕 *1691 On the recommendation of Grand Vizier Mustafa Köprül, ordinances were issued which bear the collective name ''Nizam Djedid (the 'New System'),'' which called upon provincial Governors to act justly towards Christians and not to increase their burden of taxation.〔 *1695 New Hieromartyr Romanos of Dominitza (''or Diminitsa''), Lacedemonia.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Ρωμανὸς ὁ Λακεδαίμονας ).'' 6 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1699–1705 Greek College is established at Gloucester Hall as a separate college for Greek Orthodox students at Oxford University. *c. 1700 By the eighteenth century there were some forty Greek churches in Constantinople, but only three of these had been built before the conquest, including: St. George of the Cypresses in Psamathia (which was destroyed by earthquake early in the century), St. Demetrius Kanavou (which was destroyed by fire a few years later), and St. Mary of the Mongols (which still remains a church today, though it was badly damaged in the anti-Greek riots of 1955).〔Sir Steven Runciman. ''The Great Church in Captivity.'' Cambridge University Press, 1968. p. 191.〕 *1705 A serious revolt against the officers of the child levy took place at Naoussa, when the inhabitants led by an armatolos named Zisis Karademos refused to give up their children and killed the Government officers, however their punishment was harsh, as the rebels were killed or strangled and part of the population was thrown into prison.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 27. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1707 Death of Athanasius the New, Wonderworker of Christianopolis.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀθανάσιος Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Χριστιανουπόλεως ).'' 17 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1711 Death of Bp. Sophianos of Dryinoupolis, Orthodox missionary in Ottoman Epirus.〔 ''(Άγιος Σοφιανός επίσκοπος Δρυϊνουπόλεως καί Αργυροκάστρου ).'' Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής. 26 November 2013.〕 *1713 Theological School of Patmos founded by St. Makarios Kalogeras.〔''(Holy Patriarchal Monasteries: The Patmias Ecclesiastical School ).'' Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Retrieved: 29 May 2013.〕〔 ''(Άγιος Μακάριος ο Καλογεράς ).'' Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής. 19 January 2013.〕 *1714 Death of Ilias Miniatis, Bishop of Kalavryta (since 1710), and an outstanding orator and eloquent preacher of the Greek Church, whose preachings are considered exemplars for modern ecclesiastical rhetoric and one of the earliest formative influences on cultivated modern Greek.〔 *1716 Reported Miracle of St. Spyridon, who saves Corfu from Ottoman invasion.〔''"The Miracle of Saint Spyridon the Wonderworker Against the Turkish Invasion of Kerkira."'' In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.258–260.〕 *1720 Monastery of the Life-Giving Spring (Poros) founded.〔''(THE HOLY MONASTERY OF ZOODOCHOS PIGI ).'' Poros.com.gr (Poros Island). Retrieved: 16 May 2013.〕 *1722 Council in Constantinople, in which Athanasios of Antioch (†1724) and Chrysanthos of Jerusalem (1707-1731) participated, decided for the re-baptism of the Latins.〔Fr. George Dragas. ''(The Manner of Reception of Roman Catholic Converts into the Orthodox Church ).'' Myriobiblos Library. Retrieved: 9 May, 2014.〕〔Andrew of Dryinoupolis, Pogoniani and Konitsa, and, Seraphim of Piraeus and Faliro. ''(A Letter to Pope Francis Concerning His Past, the Abysmal State of Papism, and a Plea to Return to Holy Orthodoxy ).'' HOLY AUTOCEPHALOUS ORTHODOX CATHOLIC CHURCH OF GREECE (THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF DRYINOUPOLIS, POGONIANI AND KONITSA, and, THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF PIRAEUS AND FALIRO). April 10, 2014. p. 4.〕 *1728 The Ecumenical Patriarchate formally replaced the ''Creation Era'' (AM) calendar, in use for over 1000 years, with the Christian Era (AD).〔 ''"Οικουμενικόν Πατριαρχείον".'' (Θρησκευτική και Ηθική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια ) (ΘHE). τόμ. 09, εκδ. Μαρτίνος Αθ., Αθήνα 1966, στ. 778. : * ''"Ecumenical Patriarchate".'' Religious and Ethical Encyclopedia. Vol. 9., Athens, 1966. p.778.〕 *1730 Death of John the Russian.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἰωάννης ὁ Ρῶσος ).'' 27 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints.〕 *1733 Evangelical School of Smyrna founded.〔Richard Clogg.. ''Balkan society in the age of Greek independence.'' Macmillan Press, 1981. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-333-31580-4.〕 *1740 Miracle said to have been performed by John the Baptist on the island of Chios;〔Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos, et al (Transl.). ''"The Miracle of Saint John Baptist in Chios."'' In: New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.8-11.〕 martyrdom of Theocharis of Neapolis, Cappadocia, for refusing to convert to Islam.〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Θεοχάρης ὁ Μάρτυρας ὁ Νεαπολίτης ).'' 20 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1741 Synodal reform initiated, when Metr. Gerasimos of Heraclia obtains a Firman (decree) from Ottoman officials, regulating and subordinating the election of the Patriarch of Constantinople to the five Metropolitans of Heraclia (''Heraclea Perinthus''), Cyzicus (''Kyzikos''), Nicomedia, Nicaea, and Chalcedon, creating the so-called "System of the Elders" (''Gerontismos, Γεροντισμος''), established gradually and in place until the second half of the 19th century.〔Theodore H. Papadopoulos. ''Studies and Documents Relating to the History of the Greek Church and People Under Turkish Domination.'' 2nd ed. Variorum, Hampshire, Great Britain, 1990. p.51.〕〔Dr. Maria Tsikaloudaki. ''(The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Tanzimat Reforms: The National Regulations of 1860 ).'' Paper presented at the Conference: The Greek Orthodox Church in the Modern Era. Program of Modern Hellenic Studies, Haifa University, 2004. pp.6–7.〕 *1743 New Hieromartyr Anastasios of Ioannina.〔''"New Hieromartyr Anastasios of Ioannina."'' In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp. 238–240.〕 *1744 The first masonic lodge opened in Galata in Constantinople in 1744.〔Victor Roudometof. ''(From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453–1821 ).'' Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 16, 1998. pp. 27,36.〕 *1749 Athonite Ecclesiastical Academy ("Athonite School") is founded on Mount Athos by the brethren of the Monastery of Vatopedion.〔 *1751 The monk Theoklitos Poliklidis published a pamphlet (''Agathángelos'') foretelling the liberation of Christians by a fair-haired people who, at the time, were generally identified as the Russians;〔Victor Roudometof. ''(From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453–1821 ).'' Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 16, 1998. pp. 17-18.〕 New Virgin Martyr Kyranna of Thessalonica.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ἡ Ἁγία Κυράννα ἡ Νεομάρτυς ).'' 28 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1752 Death of philosopher, theologian and lawyer Vikentios Damodos (1700-1752), the first Orthodox to write a theological ''Dogmatics.''〔Christos Yannaras. ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age.'' Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. pp. 100-102.〕 *1753–59 Eminent theologian and scholar Eugenios Voulgaris heads the ''Athonite School'', envisaging a revival and upgrading of learning within the Orthodox Church through substantial training in the classics combined with an exposure to modern European philosophy, including Locke, Leibniz and Wolff.〔Christos Yannaras. ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age.'' Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p. 102.〕 *1754 ''Hesychast Renaissance'' begins with the Kollyvades Movement,〔 whose leaders included St. Makarios of Corinth, Christophoros of Arta, Agapios of Cyprus, Athanasios of Paros, Neophytos Kausokalyvites, and St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite;〔''(The Kollyvades Movement and the Advocacy of Frequent Communion ).'' In: Hieromonk Patapios and Archbishop Chrysostomos. (Manna from Athos: The Issue of Frequent Communion on the Holy Mountain in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries ). Vol. II in the Byzantine and Neohellenic Studies series. Ed. Rev. Professor Andrew Louth and Professor David Ricks. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2006.〕 discovery of the holy relics of the "Four Martyrs of Megara": Polyeuctos, George, Adrianos and Platon, the "Newly-Revealed".〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἀδριανός, Πολύευκτος, Πλάτων καὶ Γεώργιος οἱ Μάρτυρες ἐν Μεγάροις ).'' 1 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔MYSTAGOGY (Weblog). ''(The Newly-Revealed Four Martyrs of Megara ).'' 1 February 2010.〕 *1755-1756 Council of Constantinople, convened and presided over by Ec. Patr. Cyril V, and attended by Patriarchs Matthew (Psaltis) of Alexandria and Parthenius of Jerusalem, and several bishops representing the Orthodox patriarchates,, decrees that Western converts must be baptized upon their reception into the Orthodox Church;〔Stavros L. K. Markou. ''(An Orthodox Christian Historical Timeline ).'' Retrieved 5 February 2013.〕〔Fr. George Dragas. ''(The Manner of Reception of Roman Catholic Converts into the Orthodox Church: With Special Reference to the Decisions of the Synods of 1484 (Constantinople), 1755 (Constantinople), and 1667 (Moscow) ).'' Prepared for and read at the Orthodox/Roman Catholic Dialogue (USA), 1998. p. 9.〕 this council also condemns and anathematizes anyone that dares to change the calendar (''Sigillion of 1756'' issued against the Gregorian Calendar by Patr. Cyril V of Constantinople).〔 *1759 Conservative circles of Mount Athos came out openly against the progressive educational methods of Eugenios Voulgaris, who resigned from the directorship of the Athonite Academy in 1759, and was replaced by Nikolaos Zerzoulis, one of the first proponents of Newtonian science in Greek education.〔Michael Angold. ''Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity.'' Cambridge University Press, 2006. pp. 204.〕 *1760 On Pascha, 1760, the inhabitants of 36 villages in the Karamouratades district of Northern Epirus (east of Premeti) apostasized to Islam.〔 *1768 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida.〔Jane G. Landers. ''(Colonial Plantations and Economy in Florida ).'' University Press of Florida. pp.41–43. ISBN 9780813017723. Retrieved 28 January 2013.〕 *1770 Greek Rebellion of 1770 (Orlov Events), associated with the Turko-Russian war (1768-74), and considered a prelude to the Greek War of Independence in 1821, saw a failed Greek uprising in the Peloponnese at the instigation of Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov;〔''(Towards the Greek Revolution: The Rebellion of 1770 ).'' Foundation of the Hellenic World (FHW). Retrieved: 13 September, 2014.〕 Cretan insurrection against the Ottomans led by Ioannis Daskalogiannis of the Sfakia region is subjugated;〔 Detorakis, Theocharis. ''"Η Τουρκοκρατία στην Κρήτη.'' In: Panagiotakis, Nikolaos M. Crete, History and Civilization. II. Vikelea Library, Association of Regional Associations of Regional Municipalities, 1988. p.360.〕 *1778 On the orders of Catherine II, 18,000 Crimean Greeks, tired of living under Ottoman rule, successfully petitioned the empress for permission to move to Russia, and were allowed to settle on the shores of the Sea of Azov, where they founded the city of Mariupol (Marianopolis).〔Slav Rubel. ''(History ).'' Blacksea-Crimea.com LLC. Accessed: 19 October 2013.〕〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 128. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1779 Death of Kosmas Aitolos, Equal to the Apostles.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Κοσμᾶς ὁ Αἰτωλὸς ).'' 24 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles ).'' OCA – Feasts and Saints.〕 *1782 First publication of ''Philokalia'' on Mount Athos, the greatest achievement of the Kollyvades fathers, being an anthology borrowing from thirty-six Church Fathers and ascetics from the 4th to 15th centuries;〔Christos Yannaras. ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age.'' Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p. 124.〕 New Martyr Zacharias of Patra in Morea;〔"New Martyr Zacharius of Patrai in Morea." In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp. 25–30.〕 the Patriarchate of Constantinople reaffirmed the autonomous status of Mount Sinai.〔 *1783 The Typikon of the Patriarch Gabriel IV is issued.〔 *1788-1808 The Patriarchal School of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem thrived under the pre-eminent scholar James of Patmos (Grk.: Ἰάκωβος ὁ Πάτμιος).〔 ''(Θεολογικῆ Σχολῆ τοῦ Σταυροῦ ).'' Πατριαρχεῖον Ἱεροσολύμων. (jerusalem-patriarchate.info). Retrieved: 27 August 2013.〕 *1793 Great New Martyr Polydorus of Cyprus.〔''"Great New Martyr Polydorus of Cyprus."'' In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.272–281.〕 *1794 Glorification of Bp. Panaretos of Paphos (†1790) by the Patriarchate of Constantinople;〔''(History of Church of Paphos ).'' Holy Metropolis of Paphos. Retrieved: 16 May 2015.〕〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Πανάρετος Ἐπίσκοπος Πάφου ).'' 1 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 New Martyr Alexander, the former Dervish of Smyrna;〔''"Holy New Martyr Alexander the Former Dervish."'' In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.188–193.〕〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Νεομάρτυρας ὁ Δερβίσης ).'' 26 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain first published the ''Exomologetarion'' (a guide for confessors), at the press of Nicholas Glykeus of Ioannina in Venice;〔Basil (Essey), Bishop of Wichita. ''(Exomologetarion (A Manual of Confession) ).'' Orthodox Christian Information Centre. 14 July 2005. Retrieved: 29 July 2013.〕 the city of Odessa is founded by a decree of the Empress Catherine the Great in compliance with the Greek Plan, having been named Odessos (Oδησσός) after the ancient Greek city in the vicinity, and having a population of 3,150, of whom 2,500 were Greeks.〔Zinovieff, Sofka. ''"(Greeks )."'' Encyclopedia of World Cultures, 1996. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved: 19 September 2014.〕〔John Athanasios Mazis. ''(The Greeks of Odessa: Diaspora Leadership in Late Imperial Russia ).'' Issue 647 of East European monographs. East European Monographs, 2004. 180 pp. ISBN 9780880335454〕 *1795 New Martyr Theodore of Byzantium, at Mytilene.〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Θεόδωρος ὁ Νεομάρτυρας ὁ Βυζαντινὸς ).'' 17 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1796 Nicodemus the Hagiorite publishes ''Unseen Warfare'' in Venice;〔Nikodēmos (Hagioreitēs) (Ed.). ''(Unseen Warfare: The Spiritual Combat and Path to Paradise of Lorenzo Scupoli. As Edited by Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain and revised by Theophan the Recluse ).'' St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1987. p. 45.〕 Nikephoros Theotokis publishes the ''Kyrīakōdromion,'' a series of commentaries on the Gospel and Epistle readings of the liturgical calendar, an inspired religious text that was also the first to use the katharevousa form of Modern Greek.〔Peter Mackridge. ''Language and National Identity in Greece, 1766-1976.'' Oxford University Press, 2010. pp. 90-91. ISBN 9780199599059.〕 *1797 Hieromartyr George of Neapolis (Nevşehir or Neapolis of Cappadocia).〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Γεώργιος ὁ νέος Ἱερομάρτυρας, ὁ Νεαπολίτης ).'' 3 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1798 Patriarch Anthimios of Jerusalem stated in the ''Paternal Teaching'' (''Dhidhaskalia Patriki'') that the Ottoman Empire was part of the Divine Dispensation granted by God to protect Orthodoxy from the taint of Roman Catholicism and of Western secularism and irreligion.〔"Greece, history of." Encyclopædia Britannica. ''Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite.'' Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.〕〔Richard Clogg. ''The 'Dhidhaskalia Patriki' (1798): An Orthodox Reaction to French Revolutionary Propaganda.'' Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.5, No.2 (May, 1969), pp. 87-115.〕 *1800 ''The Rudder'' (Greek: Πηδάλιον) published and printed in Athens;〔''The Rudder (Pēdálion)'': Of the metaphorical ship of the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church of the Orthodox Christians, or all the sacred and divine canons of the holy and renowned Apostles, of the holy Councils, ecumenical as well as regional, and of individual fathers, as embodied in the original Greek text, for the sake of authenticity, and explained in the vernacular by way of rendering them more intelligible to the less educated. :Comp. Agapius a Hieromonk and Nicodemus a Monk. First printed and published A.D.1800. Trans. D. Cummings, from the 5th edition published by John Nicolaides (Kesisoglou the Caesarian) in Athens, Greece in 1908, (Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957; Repr., New York, N.Y.: Luna Printing Co., 1983).〕 death of Hieromonk Nikephoros Theotokis, "Teacher of the Nation".〔 Последние годы жизни архиепископа Никифора в должности управляющего Московским Даниловым монастырем. :(Archbishop Nikephoros' last years of life and his service as the abbot of Moscow's Danilov Monastery). A conference paper by the Abbot of Moscow's Danilov Monastery Archimandrit Alexy, at the Conference on the life and work of Eugenios Voulgaris and Nikephoros Theotokis. (Corfu, 27 June 2006).〕 *1802 New Martyr Luke of Mytilene.〔''"Venerable Martyr Luke."'' In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.97–121.〕 *1803 Female mass suicide at Zalongo〔Royal Society of Canada. ''(Mémoires de la Société Royale du Canada )''. Ottawa, Cananda: Royal Society of Canada, 1943. p. 100.〕 (''see also 1680 – female mass suicide in the region of Pafra, Western Pontus''). *1805 Death of Makarios of Corinth, a central figure in the Kollyvades Movement.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Μακάριος Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Κορίνθου ).'' 17 Απριλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(April 17/30 ).'' Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).〕 *1806 Combined persecution of the Klephts of the Morea (Peloponnese), by 1) the Ecumenical Patriarch Kallinikos V who excommunicated them in January, and 2) the Ottoman Sultan Selim III who issued a decree ordering the local population not to provide them shelter or food, to sever all links with them, and report them to the Turkish authorities.〔Gabriel Rombotis. ''(The Klephts in Modern Greek Poetry; An Inquiry Into a Graeco-Turkish Cultural Conflict ).'' Part of Thesis (Ph. D.). University of Chicago, 1932. p. 770.〕〔John Christos Alexander. ''(Brigandage and Public Order in the Morea, 1685-1806 ).'' Imago, 1985. 169 pp.〕 *1808 Smyrna Philological Gymnasium founded by Konstantinos Koumas (1777-1836), one of the most distinguished men of the Greek Enlightenment;〔 New Hieromartyr Nicetas of Serres.〔''"The Suffering of the Holy Hieromartyr Nicetas."'' In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.136–144.〕 *1809 Death of Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain the "Hagiorite";〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Νικόδημος ὁ Ἁγιορείτης ὁ σοφὸς διδάσκαλος τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ).'' 14 Ιουλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ/〕〔''(Repose of the Venerable Nicodemus the Hagiorite ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints. Retrieved: 11 July 2013.〕 death of Hieromartyr Nicetas the Hagiorite.〔''"New Hieromartyr Nicetas, the Hagiorite, of Epirus."'' In: Leonidas J. Papadopulos, Georgia Lizardos et al (Transl.). New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke. Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1985. pp.79–80.〕 *1813 Death of Athanasius Parios, the second leader of the Kollyvades Movement, succeeding Neophytos Kausokalyvites (1713–1784).〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἀθανάσιος ὁ Πάριος ).'' 24 Ιουνίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(St Athanasius Parios ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints.〕 *1814 Martyrdom of Euthymius〔''(New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints. Retrieved: 10 July 2013.〕 and Ignatius〔''(New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints. Retrieved: 10 July 2013.〕 of Mount Athos. *1816 Martyrdom of Acacius of Athos.〔''(New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres ).'' OCA – Lives of the Saints. Retrieved: 10 July 2013.〕〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀκάκιος ὁ Ὁσιομάρτυρας ).'' 1 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of Kollyvades fathers.〔Fr. Harry Linsinbigler. ''(On the Church’s Guidelines for Holy Communion ).'' Modified from several issues of the ''Ukrainian Orthodox Word''. 31 August 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2011.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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